avoids the problem of heteroskedasticity and endogeneity, reduces the problem of multi . Furthermore, this sector requires marketing opportunities to export to foreign countries. Political instability, weaknesses of successive strategic development policies and shortage of financial assistance in the country is the root cause of the problem. Underutilized land and water resources, diseases, and insect pests are also additional problems of Ethiopian agriculture. Intensive Subsistence Farming (with or without Rice as a dominant crop): , Machinery including computers: US$1.7 billion (11.4% of total imports), Animal/vegetable fats, oils, waxes: $1.4 billion (9.1%), Mineral fuels including oil: $1.1 billion (7.1%), Electrical machinery, equipment: $1 billion (6.6%). Five major cereals (teff, wheat, maize, sorghum, and barley) are the core of Ethiopias agriculture and food economy, accounting for about three-fourths of the total area cultivated, 29 percent of agricultural gross domestic product (GDP) in 2005/06 (14 percent of total GDP), and 64 percent of calories consumed (FAO . Effects of climate variability on development of wheat rust diseases (Puccinia spp.) Ethiopia is characterized by agricultural challenges and bright future prospects in the sector. It does not store any personal data. Governments must ensure all policy areas, including trade, education, finance, and health in integrations. The key agricultural problems worldwide are price volatility in agricultural markets, food insecurity, undernourishment, shortage of land and water resources used in agricultural activities. Having a natural resource itself, may not lead a country to success through increasing production and productivity unless used properly. If this has come to the fact, the proportion of energetic productive man is decreased and negatively impacts on world production and productivity due to their retirement. However, the expected level was not achieved. The food demand and price are increased in the recent decade than ever in Ethiopia. Furthermore, low quality of education in terms of poor physical facilities, lack of well-trained teachers, and shortage of learning materials, exacerbate the problems of the educational system. Ethiopia's total export earnings by value declined by 2.3% in 2017/2018 from the previous year. Deforestation 4. rahulsharma789888. The perception of Ethiopia projected in the media is often one of chronic poverty and hunger, but this bleak assessment does not accurately reflect most of the country today. However, just five percent of land is irrigated and crop yields from small farms are below regional averages. The effects of climate change (e.g., frequent occurrence of extreme weather . Feed shortage was the primary constraint in both areas. It also affects the natural ecosystem, soil organic carbon, and soil health which is estimated to reach 212 Gt by 2050 (UNCCD, 2019). By clicking Accept All, you consent to the use of ALL the cookies. What characteristics allow plants to survive in the desert? Check out a sample Q&A here. You also have the option to opt-out of these cookies. Since Ethiopia's economy depends mostly on agriculture (about 45 to 50% of GDP), natural causes such as drought and sometimes unpredictable flooding put the entire economy of Ethiopia in a very bad shape and leave many starving. Which flower will blooms once in 12 years? Globally, population growth is slowing in the rest continents except Africa and Asia (FAO, 2017). About 0.7% of the country is covered with natural water bodies or lakes (MoWR (Ministry of Water Resources), 2002) which is around 744, 400ha (IUCN (international union for conservation of nature), 2010), and the amount of water it holds is estimated to be 70 billion cubic meters. Globally, the total degraded land area was estimated from a range of fewer than one billion hectares to over six billion hectares with the variation of its spatial distribution (Gibbs & Salmon, 2015) (Figures 2 and 3). The reason for the underutilization of the resources and water resources, in particular, are many, among which lack of technology and finance is just to mention a few (Table 10). But this situation is exacerbated by man-made factors like deforestation, cultivation, or plowed vertical along a downslope direction that increases runoff and soil erosion (Bishaw, 2001). Its rate has increased with increasing of Ethiopians, overgrazes, deforestations, utilizes of dung, and crop residues for fuel and other uses. In the coming decades, ensuring food security is one of the greatest challenges in Ethiopia. Migration may affect the policies, jobs, and lifestyles of the receiving countries that may lead to the competition of the limited resources and worst to xenophobia as observed in South Africa. Therefore, increasing such activities will increase the country's income and food demand. Furthermore, it resulted in unsustainable land-use practices. IUCN (international union for conservation of nature). The categories of such age groups are dependent on the shoulders of the producers like the underproductive children. Today, Ethiopia faces high levels of food insecurity, ranking as one of the hungriest countries in the world, with an estimated 5.2 million people needing food assistance in 2010. ILRI (International Livestock Research Institute). Pest management support services strategy for Ethiopia. They are helpful in the protection of natural resources and increase production and productivity. ZEFdiscussion papers on development policy, The causes, consequences and remedies of deforestation in Ethiopia. PASDEP implementation as the main instrument for delivering agricultural growth through strong push for intensification to increase yield and productivity in the smallholder sector. Such developmental policy should take into account religious preference, cultural habits of the people, and protection against losses of biodiversity by strengthening the successive strategic plans. MoANR (Ministry of Agriculture and Natural Resources). In addition, the countrys agriculture highly depends on rain-fed. Table 1. The reduced precipitation and rise of temperature could influence agricultural practices and their results widely (Shekuru et al., 2020). Soil erosion is a serious problem in Ethiopia and requires urgent intervention to secure the food demand of the people (Woreka, 2004). Their livelihood is mainly based on tilling and herding of mammals and birds with little transformation for a long period of time in history because of religion and cultural preference (Diriba, 2020). The cookies is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Necessary". Agriculture is the backbone of the Ethiopian economy. The majority of insect pests of economic importance in Ethiopia belong to the category of regular based on their occurrence as indicated in Table 9. Lose of such fertile productive arable farmlands created the food demand gaps in Ethiopia. The rapidly growing population is a source of labor to exploit the existing resources for agricultural-sector investors. In 2019, Ethiopia's major goods exports included coffee (28.7%), cut flowers (14.1%), oil seeds (11.5%), chat (10.9%), pulses (7.9%), gold (6.6%), leather and leather products (2.4%). UNCCD (United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification). (. It is almost unbelievable that policymakers, scholars, and practitioners of the most advanced technologies failed to anticipate the problems of food security and agricultural development before they unfolded in Ethiopia (Diriba, 2020). USDA (United States Department of Agriculture). ), land degradation which often leads to desertification, poor climatic conditions (including severe droughts), etc. The urgency and complexity of the problem of lack of food self-sufficiency, the inefficiency of economic development forced the Ethiopia government to secure food at very high cost (FAO, 2011; USDA (United States Department of Agriculture), 2010). Deforestation is a contributor to global climate change, and is often cited as one of the major causes of the enhanced greenhouse effect [7]. Farmland fragmentation in Ethiopia. 6 What are the problems with agriculture in Ethiopia? Therefore, improving the implementation of extension service in agronomic practices, afforestation, protection of livestock and crop plants, accessing financial support, and accessing time-based markets can improve the livelihood of the community (UNCTAD, 2017). In 2019, Ethiopias major goods exports included coffee (28.7%), cut flowers (14.1%), oil seeds (11.5%), chat (10.9%), pulses (7.9%), gold (6.6%), leather and leather products (2.4%). In Ethiopia, more than 40% of the population is below the age of 15 (CIA (Central intelligence agency) World Factbook, 2019; https://www.indexmundi.com). The country intends to be a middle-income economy by 2025. Furthermore, feeding the population in the near future in developing countries like Ethiopia is expected to increase production and productivity. (. The cookie is set by the GDPR Cookie Consent plugin and is used to store whether or not user has consented to the use of cookies. 2 The main contributions, potentials, characteristics and problems of Ethiopian agriculture. The problems related to basic infrastructures like roads, hydroelectric generation plants, irrigation tools, and other farm equipment availability in the country and limitation of foreign currencies for importation also limited the attractiveness of the agricultural sector to private investors (Diriba, 2020). Poverty is the number 1 problem in Ethiopia. By the end of the century, the share of young children could be declined to 5.8%, while the proportion of older people may rise to 22.7% (UNDESA, 2015). The farming systems are facing constraints such as small land size, lack of resources, and increasing degradation of soil quality that hamper sustainable crop production and food security. Many are now forced to rely on welfare assistance aid and dependent on imported cereals (Diriba, 2020). These cookies help provide information on metrics the number of visitors, bounce rate, traffic source, etc. These policy regulations may include changing the current fragmented agricultural activities into unified mechanized farming systems as a strategic developmental plan. A crossectional study was conducted to identify the major health problems of dairy cattle and associated risk factors in and around Hawassa Town, Southern Ethiopia. According to Infomineo (2016), the key agricultural sectors in Ethiopia are the following: Coffee & tea; Ethiopia has a great potential for coffee production, thanks to the country's abundant rainfall, optimum temperatures, conducive altitude, and fertile soil. Over the centuries, deforestation, overgrazing, and practices such as cultivation of slopes not suited to agriculture have eroded the soil, a situation that worsened considerably during the 1970s and 1980s, especially in Eritrea, Tigray, and parts of Gondar and Wollo. The lowlands are vulnerable to increased temperatures and prolonged droughts, while the highlands suffered from more intense and irregular rainfall. Hunger and extreme poverty are reduced globally since the 1990s (FAO, 2016). Ozone Depletion, Greenhouse Effect and Global Warming 2. Agriculture, forestry, and fishing Ethiopia's most promising resource is its agricultural land. The country has also ample opportunity in. The author received no direct funding for this research. In FY 2017/2018, the United . The mono-cropping system of some crops in the central highland of Ethiopia also led to nutrient depletion (Merga & Ahmed, 2019). Achieving sustainable development and promoting development cooperation, World population prospects: The 2015 revision. Despite numerous challenges of agricultural activities, Ethiopia has marvelous opportunities like a commercial farming investment on fruit, vegetable, ornamental plants, and beef; the huge number of the labor force, water resources, and proximity to the Middle East and other African countries to ship products within a short period of time. The percentage share of GDP by major economic sector in the year 2010/11 was 44.7 for agriculture, 10.5 for industry and 45.5 for the service sector but these figures changed to 38.5, 15.1 and 46.3% in the year 2014/15 in the same order of the sectors [9,10]. If critical issues are not addressed the food price inflation creates political instability, disorder, chaos, unemployment, malnutrition, hunger, poverty, imbalance, and inefficient resource distributions among the nations which may lead to migration. Ethiopia. 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