[34] It probably formed when one of the craters filled with andesitic lava to the point of overflow. The eruption lasted for two hours and formed a 1011-kilometre-high (6.26.8mi) eruption column. Minerals encountered in xenoliths include andradite, anhydrite, anorthite, apatite, biotite, calcite, diopside, fassaite, garnet, gypsum, ilmenite, magnetite, monazite, orthopyroxene, perovskite, plagioclase, prehnite, quartz, sphene, thorite, wilkeite, wollastonite and zircon. Ash fall in Salta occurred about one hour after the eruption. [44] The end of glaciation may have accompanied an increase in volcanic activity, a phenomenon that has been noted at other volcanoes. Why do people study Geology? The equilibrium line at Lascar was at an altitude of 4,7004,800 metres (15,40015,700ft) during the last glacial maximum. Another explosion at 13:02 sent a column 8.5 kilometres (5.3mi) high. What makes an effective presentation + effective presentation strategies Aug. 12, 2022 They occur beneath altitudes of 4,100 metres (13,500ft), their vents buried by later activity. [238] It publishes a volcano alert level for Lascar and has created a volcano hazard map for the volcano. [34] The westernmost of these three eastern craters is the currently active one, surrounded by rims that reach heights of 150 metres (490ft). Lascar is just left of Aguas Calientes, which is the central cone. [209], The eruption record at Lascar becomes more irregular after the 1993 eruption. At the time preceding the eruption, the magma chamber had a thermal stratification;[151] injections of mafic magmas had heated the magma chamber and induced convection. [35], A 200-metre-wide (660ft) and 50-metre-high (160ft) lava dome formed in early 1989. [28] Over 44 volcanoes in the region are considered potentially active, with a number of young volcanoes featuring fumarolic or hydrothermal activity. Another large-scale feature is a hotspot, where a plate rides over a rising plume of hot mantle, creating a line of volcanoes on top of the plate. [36][44] Other basement rocks are the sandstone-containing marine DevonianCarboniferous Lila formation, the red-orange Permian Cas formation containing volcanic rocks and granites,[21][37] as well as the volcanic PermianTriassic Peine formation and Cerro Negro strata, which also contain intruded rocks and lake sediments. [169] This cycle ended after 1993, probably because the April 1993 eruption modified the conditions in the volcanic system. Lascar is an andesitic-to-dacitic stratovolcano with 3 overlapping summit craters. It is an andesitic to dacitic stratovolcano with six overlapping craters, trending roughly northeast, with the active, fuming crater located near the center. [67] The vent was no wider than 2 kilometres (1.2mi), as it is completely hidden beneath the western cone. A seismic monitoring experiment was realized in 2008. Volcanoes at convergent plate boundaries are found all along the Pacific Ocean basin, primarily at the edges of the Pacific, Cocos, and Nazca plates. [67], The Quebrada Talabre cuts into the upper flanks of Lascar[64] and eventually joins the Quebrada Soncor. [228] The last eruption, on 30 October 2015, created a 2,500-metre-high (8,200ft) column of ash that prompted a raise in the local volcano alert level. [116] Otherwise, activity between 1993 and 2000 was not accompanied by deformation of the edifice. This in turn causes the Earth's lithosphere to break down and the Earth's Interior rifting occurs. A convergent boundary. [137] The Manquez agglutinate above the Tumbres deposits was formed either by the Tumbres eruption or by a subsequent stage;[60] a pyroclastic cone in the western crater may be associated with this agglutinate. [59][97] In December 2002, two fumaroles had temperatures exceeding 295C (563F). [246], The area around Lascar is one of the driest and highest volcanic settings in the world. [147] Magma temperatures have been estimated at 9001,000C (1,6501,830F). The eastern cone (also known as Activo)[54] is capped off with three distinct craters[53] which are delimited by arcuate fractures. [72], Hydrogen chloride and hydrogen fluoride are also released in large amounts, with estimates made in 20032004 indicating a mass flux of 340,000,000 kilograms per year (11kg/s) and 150,000,000 kilograms per year (4.8kg/s) respectively. Four eruptions occurred at 15:20, 17:22, 19:00 and 21:00 UTC, forming eruption columns reaching altitudes of 10 kilometres (6.2mi). ", "Recent eruptive activity from Lascar volcano (2006)", "Informe sobre el sistema volcnico de Lascar", "El ciclo eruptivo del 18 al 25 de Abril de 2006 del volcan Lascar, Andes Centrales", "Impact area determination of pyroclastic deposits in Lascar volcano, eruptive process in the year 1993", 10.1130/0091-7613(1987)15<614:UTLTMT>2.0.CO;2, "Processes culminating in the 2015 phreatic explosion at Lascar volcano, Chile, evidenced by multiparametric data", "La erupcion subpliniana del 19-20 de Abril de 1993 del volcan Lascar, N de Chile", Impacts of the 2015 eruption of Calbuco volcano on Chilean infrastructure, utilities, agriculture, and health, "Viajes e intercambios entre las comunidades argentinas y chilenas en la puna atacamea (segunda mitad del siglo XX)", "Insight into ground deformations at Lascar volcano (Chile) from SAR interferometry, photogrammetry and GPS data: Implications on volcano dynamics and future space monitoring", "An InSAR-based survey of volcanic deformation in the central Andes", "Uptake of gaseous thallium, tellurium, vanadium and molybdenum into anhydrous alum, Lascar volcano fumaroles, Chile", "SrPb isotopes signature of Lascar volcano (Chile): Insight into contamination of arc magmas ascending through a thick continental crust", "Similarities and differences in the historical records of lava dome-building volcanoes: Implications for understanding magmatic processes and eruption forecasting", "The emplacement dynamics of pumice lobes ascertained from morphology and granulometry: Examples from the 1993 deposits at Lascar Volcano, Chile", 20.500.11820/704f9e40-352c-49da-af10-83ce7c003ac6, "Post-depositional fracturing and subsidence of pumice flow deposits: Lascar Volcano, Chile", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lascar_(volcano)&oldid=1128908838, Short description is different from Wikidata, Articles containing explicitly cited English-language text, Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2012, All articles containing potentially dated statements, Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2017, CS1 European Spanish-language sources (es-es), Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, This page was last edited on 22 December 2022, at 16:28. [88] Magma petrology implies that there is another reservoir at 6 kilometres (3.7mi) depth. Lascar is the most active volcano in the central Andes. The unit is about 2 kilometres (1.2mi) wide[135] and consists of large blocks encased in ash. These rocks have a composition mainly characterized as "two-pyroxene",[a] but the old Piedras Grandes and Soncor rocks contain hornblende. [88] Such tremors may be produced by the movement of liquid materials in the volcano. Data available through GEOFON. [148] The total volume of the Soncor eruption products has been estimated to be either 5.6 cubic kilometres (1.3cumi) dense rock equivalent or 10 cubic kilometres (2.4cumi) net volume, both minimum estimates. A volcano in the Andes in Chile's north rumbled to life early Saturday, triggering minor earth tremors and sending a plume of smoke and ash 6,000 meters (nearly 20,000 feet) into a clear sky.. [47] This Plinian deposit reaches thicknesses of 22 metres (72ft) and fell from a 22-to-30-kilometre-high (14 to 19mi) eruption column. [165] The eruption itself lasted only about five minutes and consisted of two pulses. [34] This lava flow is known as the TumbresTalabre lava flow; its margins are 1040 metres (33131ft) high, and it features a central channel. [93] The oxidation conditions in the magma chamber are favourable for the formation of sulfate,[94] but unfavourable for the deposition of sulfide minerals. [85] The overall magma supply rate of Lascar is 0.020.03 cubic metres per second (0.711.06cuft/s). [7] A number of earthquakes were recorded in early February 2012. [53] This volcano was formed by andesite-dacite lava flows (stage III) and scoria. [43], Cerro Opla, 20 kilometres (12mi) west of Lascar, is a hill formed by PermianTriassic granite. It probably started shrinking in April 1992, although the shrinkage was directly visible only in November. In the case of the Andes, the oceanic Nazca Plate and part of the oceanic Antarctic Plate slide towards the continental South American Plate. Lascar is on the centre-left, Aguas Calientes right. [129] Lava bombs with diameters of up to 1.5 metres (4ft 11in) were hurled as far as 4 kilometres (2.5mi) from the crater, presumably as a consequence of the lava dome exploding. [58] The craters show evidence that activity has migrated westward. [36], The volcano sits above a major local geological trend, the northsouth Miscanti Line. 3. [2], Seismic activity occurs at Lascar. It is the most active volcano in the region, with records of eruptions going back to 1848. These ignimbrites form a 3 steep slope in the area. [81], Magma erupted by Lascar appears to form from the mixing of mafic and more evolved magmas; the 1993 eruption deposits contain bands of different rocks. [60] This eruption was the last effusive eruption of Lascar, when later lava domes are excluded. [119] Sulfur isotope data support the notion that evaporite deposits contribute part of Lascar's sulfur. How to watch volcanoes? [180] Ash from this eruption was identified in ice cores from Illimani[200] while sulfates reportedly appeared in ice taken from the Arctic and Antarctica. [229], Because of the volcano's remote location, much information on its activity comes from remote sensing. At Lascar the LiDAR instrument was carried up and operated on the ground for terrestrial laser scanning (TLS). [182] Hot pyroclastic flows on the southeastern flank covered a surface area of 1318.5 kilometres (8.111.5mi). This information was summarized from Smithsonian Institution's Preliminary Notices of Volcanic Activity. [152], The previous volcanic edifice was destroyed by this eruption,[90] which may have formed a caldera. [39], The Tumbres eruption occurred around 7250 BCE,[157] commencing with the eruption of pumice falls that reach thicknesses of less than 1.2 metres (3ft 11in). [249] 8,500 years ago, the climate in the region became much drier, and the amount of erosion decreased substantially. [27] Given the low population density around many of these volcanoes, there is often little information on their activity. Stato attuale: normal or dormant (1 di 5) Last update: 3 feb 2022 (Smithsonian / USGS Weekly Volcanic Activity Report) Lscar volcano in northern Chile is the most active of the northern Chilean Andes. Glowing was also reported in October and November 2013. [117] The presence of argon and nitrogen in low-temperature fumaroles indicates that air is involved in their formation,[100] although a portion of each of these two gases is non-atmospheric. Hornfels, skarn, and rocks that are part of Lascar's lava dome ridge are the source of these xenoliths. [79] The magmas are contaminated by the local crust, but not to the extent found in the Galan or Purico complex eruption products. Lascar is a stratovolcano in Chile within the Central Volcanic Zone of the Andes, a volcanic arc that spans Peru, Bolivia, Argentina and Chile. [111] There is no clear association between periods of degassing and eruptions. [25][26] The Central Andes contain many hundreds of volcanoes, extending over the countries of Argentina, Bolivia, Chile and Peru. [99], There are high-temperature fumaroles (temperatures equal to or exceeding 150C (302F)) and low-temperature fumaroles (temperatures of less than 82C (180F)), with noticeable chemical differences between the two; the latter tend to emit far more water than carbon dioxide. [101] The fumarole gases react with surrounding rocks, forming precipitates and altered rocks. Large lava flows are visible on its NW flanks. Lascar has been active since at least 56,000 years ago, though some argue for activity beginning 220,000 years ago. Further, fractures permitting gas passage are obstructed when the magma contracts. Lascar is located close to the Atacama Desert, one of the world's driest deserts. [107][108] In 2005, Lascar was the third-largest source of volcanic sulfur dioxide in the world among continuously active volcanoes, behind Etna in Italy and Bagana in Papua-New Guinea. [172] Other flows occurred at 12:05, after 13:37, 17:25, 21:3521:48, 23:4023:50 and on 20 April at 9:20. The Alert Level remained at Yellow (the second lowest level on a four-color scale) and the public were warned to stay at least 5 km away from the crater. Lascar is the most active volcano in the central Andes. [67], The stage II activity was accompanied by the eruption of block and ash flows consisting of andesite, and an eruption whose deposits include blocks with sizes of 15 metres (49ft). [155] Glaciers in the region reached their maximum size at that time. [39] They reach thicknesses of 5 metres (16ft) in the upper unit[133] and 30 metres (98ft) in the lower one.
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